The cost of hiring and retraining workers has produced various estimates. The Institute for Research on Labor and Employment at the University of California–Berkeley noted in a 2010 working paper that average replacement costs for an individual worker averaged about $4,000 overall, and about $2,000 for blue collar and manual labor workers. Costs were as high as $7,000 for professional and managerial employees.

To help stem some of those costs, some restaurant chains are incorporating recruitment into their scheduling applications, most often accessible by the workers’ own smartphones or other computer devices.

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